Project: To undertake a study of pedagogical programs, methods and texts in Renaissance France as they relate to the instruction of translation. Several lines of investigation are pursued : (1) an examination of the role played by translation as a pedagogical tool for the instruction of Latin grammar and rhetoric; (2) an examination of the methodologies of school translation and of the levels of textual retrieval sought by these methodologies; (3) a relating of this polyvalent view of translation to its theoretical and practical bases in Humanist school programs; (4) an examination of the consequences of such methodologies in specific grammatical and rhetorical texts; (5) a study of the implications of the methodologies for the struggle waged by the Sorbonne against the humanist and biblical translators during the reign of Francis I; and (6) a relating of these pedagogical methods to the complex notion of philological translation defined by such modern theorists as Nida and Valesio